Презентация "Icons and icon painting in Ukraine" – проект, доклад

Icons and icon painting in Ukraine

Icons came to Ukraine, or rather to Kyivan Rus, from Byzantium with the adoption of Christianity in 988, and though originally the icon and its models and canons were borrowed, with the passage of time it became to acquire national features and we can speak of the icons of later centuries as a Ukrainian religious and artistic phenomenon.

An icon is a painted image of a religious figure or event, especially a painted panel. The term icon is derived from Greek and refers to an image believed to be sacred, which can aid in contacting the represented figure.

During the early Christian period, after the 4th century, the term was applied to all religious art, including mosaics, reliefs and paintings. Few early painted icons survive, but a small group of 6th and 7th century encaustic (wax) paintings on wooden panels, from the Monastery of Saint Catherine on Mount Sinai, show realistic, lifelike faces animated by large eyes and intense expressions. Four such icons are in the possession of the Khanenko Museum in Kyiv. Icons were made for private devotion and public worship.

Archangel Michael. From the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnytsya in the village of Dalyova, Land of Lemkivshchyna, end of the 14th century.

Orthodox Christians usually say their prayers in front of an Eastern-facing wall covered with icons, or an icon corner. For many centuries, no Ukrainian household was without icons.

Christianity teaches that the immaterial God became flesh in the form of Jesus Christ, making it possible to depict the Son of God in human form. It is on this basis that Old Testament prescriptions against creating images were overturned for early Christians through their belief in the Incarnation. The concept of the archetype was redefined by the early Church fathers to explain that when a person shows veneration toward an image, the intention is to honor the person depicted rather than the substance of the icon. As St. Basil the Great said, “The honor shown to the image passes to the archetype.”

In the icons of Eastern Orthodoxy, and of the Early Medieval West, there is very little room for artistic license. Almost everything within the image has a symbolic aspect. Christ, the saints and angels all have halos. Angels (and often John the Baptist) have wings because they are messengers. Figures have consistent facial appearances, hold attributes personal to them, and use a few conventional poses.

Diesis. From the Church of Pokrova Bohorodytsi in the village of Richytsya, Rivne Oblast. Late 15th-early 16th century.

Color too plays an important role. Gold represents the radiance of Heaven; red, divine life. Blue is the color of human life, while white is the uncreated essence of God, only used for the resurrection and transfiguration of Christ. If you look at icons of Jesus and Mary, you’ll discover that Jesus usually wears a red undergarment with a blue outer garment (God became human) and Mary wears a blue undergarment with a red over-garment (human became Godlike); thus, the doctrine of deification is conveyed by icons.

Annunciation. From the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnytsya in the village of Dalyova, Land of Lemkivshchyna, second half of the 16th century.

Letters are symbols too. Most icons incorporate some calligraphic text naming the person or event depicted. Even this is often presented in a stylized manner (in later Western depictions, much of the symbolism survives, though there is far less consistency).

St John the Baptist with Gospels. From the Church of Archangel Michael in the village of Yasenytsya Zamkova, Lviv Oblast. Second half of the 16th century.

St Basil the Great. From the village of Turye, Lviv Oblast. 15th century.

The Eastern Church formulated the doctrinal basis for the veneration of icons. Since God had assumed material form in the person of Jesus Christ, he could also be represented in pictures. Icons are considered an essential part of the church and given special liturgical veneration. They also serve as mediums of instruction for the uneducated faithful through the iconostasis. An iconostasis is a large screen that separates the altar from the rest of the church. It is on the iconostasis that painted images of Christ, the Virgin and various saints are grouped. Icons were created with a formalized, deliberately stylized aspect that emphasized otherworldliness rather than human feeling or sentimentality. Gold-leaf backgrounds were common with strongly geometric designs, emphasizing either angularity or long, sinuous curves, being favored. Although icon painters usually remained anonymous, some exceptions are known. The best icons represent the supreme achievement in icon painting, and their work combines spiritual grace and technical excellence in a synthesis that was never again equaled.

St Boris and St Hleb. From the Church of the Holy Spirit in the village of Potelych, Lviv Oblast. Second half of the 16th century.

The Eastern Orthodox view of the origin of icons is quite different from that of secular scholars and some in contemporary Roman Catholic circles. “The Orthodox Church maintains and teaches that the sacred image has existed from the beginning of Christianity,” Leonid Ouspensky, a Russian theologian, has written. Accounts that some non-Orthodox writers consider legendary are accepted as history within Eastern Orthodoxy, because they are a part of Church tradition. Thus, accounts such as of the miraculous “Image Not Made by Hands,” and the weeping and moving “Mother of God” are accepted as fact. Eastern Orthodoxy further teaches that a clear understanding of the importance of icons was part of the Church from its very beginning, and has never changed, although explanations of their importance may have developed over time. This is because iconography is rooted in the theology of the Incarnation (Christ being the eikon of God), which didn’t change, though its subsequent clarification within the Church occurred over the period of the first seven Ecumenical Councils. Also, icons served as tools of edification for the illiterate faithful during most of the history of Christendom.

Crucifixion. From the Church of Archangel Michael in the village of Hrabiv, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Second half of the 16th century.

Eastern Orthodox believers find the first instance of an image or icon in the Bible when God made man in His own image (eikona in Greek) in Genesis 1:26-27. Thus, when speaking of icons, it should be borne in mind that icon painting has always primarily been an object of worship, while its artistic merits have always been of secondary importance, though the more beautiful the icon is, the greater impact it has.

The Old Testament Trinity. 1650.

Virgin Mary from the Diesis (detail), by icon painter Yovkond Zelevych. 1698-1705. From the iconostasis of the Church of the Erection of the Most Holy Cross, the Manyavsky Monastery; in Lviv since 1924.

Pokrova Bohorodytsi (Protecting Veil of the Mother of God). From the Assumption Cathedral in the town of Novhorod-Siversky, Chernihiv Oblast. 1720s.

Ukrayinska ikona 11–18 stolit albom is the second volume in a series State Collections of Ukraine, which has been launched by Oleksiy Danylov and Mykhaylo Andreyev.

Bohorodytsya Yeletska (Mother of God of Yelets). The Assumption Cathedral of the Yeletsky Monastery. 18th century.

St Anastasiya and St Ulyana the Martyrs. From the Church of St Mykola in the town of Konotop (the original provenance is not known).

Oxana Bezsmola Form 9-A